Effect of Laser Irradiation Modes and Photosensitizer Types on Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) for Streptococcus sobrinus in the Crown Dentin of Bovine Teeth: An Experimental In Vitro Study.

This study aimed to assess the impact of different laser irradiation modes and photosensitizer types on the bactericidal efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Dentin plates were prepared by sectioning the crown dentin of bovine teeth infected with Streptococcus sobrinus (n = 11). Nine aPDTs involving the combination of three 1% solutions of photosensitizers (brilliant blue, BB; acid red, AR; and methylene blue, MB) and three irradiation modes of semiconductor lasers (50 mW for 120 s, 100 mW for 60 s, and 200 mW for 30 s) were performed for each infected dentin plate, and the control consisted of the specimens not applied with aPDT. The bactericidal effects in 10 groups were evaluated using both assays of the colony count (colony-forming-unit: CFU) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (relative-light-unit: RLU). The data obtained were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). The most aPDT groups exhibited significantly lower RLU and CFU values compared with the control (p < 0.05). The effect of irradiation modes on RLU and CFU values was significant in the aPDT group using BB (p < 0.05) but not in the aPDT group using AR or MB. The aPDT performed with AR or MB exerted a remarkable bactericidal effect.

Antibacterial effectiveness of different zinc salts on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus: An in-vitro study.

Objectives: This in-vitro study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of four zinc salts namely zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc citrate and zinc acetate against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus). Methods: Antibacterial susceptibility assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were undertaken to evaluate the inhibitory activities of different zinc salts against the tested bacteria. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the morphological changes of bacterial cells following exposure to zinc salts. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the inhibitory effect of the different zinc salts. Results: All zinc salts tested against S. mutans and S. sobrinus had a statistically and significantly smaller inhibition zone when compared to chlorhexidine, (P < 0.001). However, zinc chloride had the largest inhibition zone (20 mm ± 5.5) against S. sobrinus, which was comparable to chlorhexidine (22 mm ± 4) (P > 0.05). Zinc chloride, zinc sulfate and zinc acetate demonstrated higher MIC and MBC values against S. mutans compared to S. sobrinus. However, zinc citrate revealed the highest MIC and MBC values of 1 mg/mL and > 8 mg/mL for S. sobrinus and > 8 mg/mL for S. mutans, respectively. Conclusion: Different zinc salts have displayed inhibitory growth effects against the common oral bacteria at very low concentrations except for zinc citrate which showed no inhibitory effect against these bacteria in vitro.

Antibacterial and Anti-Glucosyltransferase Activity of Verbascum speciosum Against Cariogenic Streptococci.

Objectives: Dental caries is a prevalent chronic human infection worldwide and several plants have shown anticariogenic properties through antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. The present study aimed to assess anticariogenic activity of Verbascum speciosum, in search of novel agents for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Methods: Hydro-alcoholic extracts from flowers and total aerial parts of the plant were prepared by maceration. Antibacterial activity of the extracts against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35668) and Streptococcus sobrinus (ATCC 27607) was investigated by agar diffusion and microdilution techniques. Inhibitory concentration-fifty values of the flowers' extract against Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase enzymes were determined. The total flavonoid content of the extracts was determined using an aluminum chloride reaction. Results: Verbascum speciosum flowers' extract showed significantly higher flavonoid content and antibacterial activity; with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 100 and 200 µg/mL for Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, respectively. The extract inhibited the synthesis of glucan by cell-associated and extracellular glucosyltransferase enzymes in a dose-dependent manner with higher activity against the extracellular enzyme. Conclusion: This study indicated effective anticariogenic activity of Verbascum speciosum flowers extract. This extract can be considered as an alternative to current anticaries therapies or an additive to dental care products.

Detection of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and Their Association with Oral Microbiome Stressors in 6-18-month-old Infants.

Aim: To determine the presence of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) and their association with extrinsic and intrinsic variables in 6-18-month-old infants. Methods: This was an analytical, cross-sectional study of 65 6-18-month-old infants who visited the Centers for Early Childhood in Buenos Aires City. Three groups were established according to the presence of teeth-group I (GI)-edentulous infants, group II (GII)-infants with 1-8 teeth, and group III (GIII)-infants with 9-16 teeth. Data on the variables, diet, use of artificial teats, and oral hygiene were gathered using a self-administered questionnaire. An oral examination was performed according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) criterion. A saliva sample was taken by aspiration with a sterile plastic syringe. Cariogenic Streptococci (CS) were counted using the adherence test in modified gold broth (AT-MGB). Molecular detection and quantification were performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (gtfB, gtfT, and tuf). Results: A total of 12% of infants received oral hygiene, 38% used bottles, 30% used pacifiers, and 55% had sugar intake. S. sobrinus and S. mutans were detected in 57.1 and 28.6% of the children with caries, respectively. Groups I, II, and III had CS counts of log 2, 3.4, and 3.7, respectively. S. sobrinus was detected in 26.7% of GI, 52.9% of GII, and 85.7% of GIII, while S. mutans was detected in 13.3%, 35.3%, and 57.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of S. sobrinus was higher than S. mutans in all groups. The presence of CS was significantly associated with sugar intake. No association was found between S. mutans and S. sobrinus and the presence of caries, hygiene habits, or use of artificial teats. Clinical Significance: This study supports the role of diet in developing a cariogenic biofilm in children under 2 years of age. How to cite this article: Cornejo CF, Soken LJ, Salgado PA, et al. Detection of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and Their Association with Oral Microbiome Stressors in 6-18-month-old Infants. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(1):68-73.

Determining the Antibacterial Effect of Mentha Longifolia Essential Oil on Cariogenic Bacteria and Its Compounds: an in vitro Study.

Statement of the Problem: Continuous use of chemical agents to reduce the number of cariogenic bacteria leads to adverse effects; therefore, in recent years, many studies have focused on plant-based substances. Purpose: This study explores the antibacterial effects of Mentha Longifolia (M. longifolia) essential oil on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus), and Lactobacillus as cariogenic microorganisms and determines the compounds in it. Materials and Method: In this experimental study, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus isolates were collected from the saliva samples of five children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of M. longifolia essential oil were determined by Broth microdilution method. Chlorhexidine 0.2% and phosphate-buffered normal saline (pH= 7.0) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The chemical composition of M. longifolia essential oil was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The data were analyzed with a paired t-test and the p below 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The MIC and MBC ratios for S. mutans were 3.12% and 6.25%, for S. sobrinus were 6.25% and 12.5%, ​​and Lactobacillus were 3.12% and 6.25%, respectively. Chemical analysis of M. longifolia essential oil showed that 34 various compounds. Piperitone oxide (27.59%), Transcariophylline (14.55%), and 2-cyclohexane-1-one (12.24%) were the major constituents. Conclusion: M. longifolia essential oil has both growth inhibitory and bactericidal effects on all the three species of bacteria. This antibacterial effect was similar against S. mutans and Lactobacillus, which was greater than S. sobrinus, thus, it can be used as a supplementary for caries prevention compounds.

Diarylureas: New Promising Small Molecules against Streptococcus mutans for the Treatment of Dental Caries.

Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated disease that represents a worldwide oral health issue. Streptococcus mutans has been ascertained as the main cariogenic pathogen responsible for human dental caries, with a high ability to form biofilms, regulated by the quorum sensing. Diarylureas represent a class of organic compounds that show numerous biological activities, including the antimicrobial one. Two small molecules belonging to this class, specifically to diphenylureas, BPU (1,3-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea) and DMTU (1,3-di-m-tolyl-urea), showed interesting results in studies regarding the antimicrobial activity against the cariogenic bacterium S. mutans. Since there are not many antimicrobials used for the prevention and treatment of caries, further studies on these two interesting compounds and other diarylureas against S. mutans may be useful to design new effective agents for the treatment of caries with generally low cytotoxicity.

Streptococcus sobrinus as a Predominant Oral Bacteria Related to the Occurrence of Dental Caries in Polish Children at 12 Years Old.

Dental caries is listed by the WHO as one of the major non-communicable diseases that need to be prevented and treated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of caries expressed as the Decayed, Missing and Filled Permanent Teeth (DMFT) index in 12-year-old Polish children and to verify bacterial species related to the occurrence of dental caries. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of DNA isolated from saliva samples was performed to detect 8 cariogenic and periopathogenic bacterial strains. A total of 118 Polish children were enrolled in the study. They had low mean DMFT scores of 1.58 ± 1.98. The prevalence of dental caries in the children tested was low (53.4%), with a tendency to decrease compared to previous oral surveys. Bacterial abundance of other species in the dental caries and caries-free groups did not differ; however, periopathogenic Prevotella pallens, Fusobacterium nucleatum along with cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus fermentum were significantly strongly correlated in the caries-active subjects. The prevalence of S. sobrinus was significantly higher in children with dental caries (p = 0.023) and correlated with higher DMFT. It may temporarily play an important role in the initiation of the cariogenic process or in its enhancement due to an ecological imbalance in dental microbiota.

Minocycline incorporated cobalt oxide nanoparticles in dental sealants: An in vitro study.

The purpose of this study was to introduce antibacterial property to pits and fissure sealant (PFS) in order to mitigate the major clinical problems associated with PFS, such as microleakage and secondary caries. We prepared a pH reliant cobalt oxide nanoparticle incorporated with minocycline (MNC@CO) and characterized to investigate its antibacterial potential against Streptococcus sobrinus. The physiochemical, morphological, and drug release kinetics at different pH (7.4, 5.0, and 3.5) from nanoparticles were investigated. The MNC@CO were added at 2.5% and 5.0% into experimental PFS and characterized for their antibiofilm capacity, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties including compressive and flexural strength. The groups 2.5% and 5.0% has shown statistically significant antimicrobial capacity against S. sobrinus compared to control (p < .05). The highest percentage of MNC release at different pH (especially at pH 5.0 and 3.5) was observed from 5.0% MNC@CO doped PFS. The PFS doped with 2.5% MNC@CO showed a highest compressive strength (110 MPa) over a period of 70 days as compared to 5.0% MNC@CO (75 MPa) and control (80 MPa). The flexural strength of both experimental groups was lower for both time points (24 h and 30 days) than control. In conclusion, the present study found that 2.5% MNC@CO doped PFS showed considerable anti-biofilm potential without compromising mechanical properties.

Saliva sampling methods. Cariogenic streptococci count using two different methods of saliva collection in children / Recuento de estreptococos cariogénicos a partir de dos métodos de obtención de saliva en niños

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of two methods for collecting saliva samples from infants under 2 years of age for cariogenic streptococci (CS) count. Two collection methods were applied in 11 infants. In Method (A), saliva samples were collected by swabbing the inner cheek mucosa and floor of the mouth in figure of eight motions with a sterile cotton swab until it was soaked. In method (B), saliva samples were collected by aspiration of 1 ml of saliva with a sterile plastic syringe on the floor of the mouth, after stimulation with glove. The samples were cultured in modified Gold's broth (MSMG), and on trypticase, yeast extract, sucrose, cystine and bacitracin culture medium (TYSCB). In method (A), the swab with the sample was unloaded in situ on TYSCB and placed in PBS medium for transport. Then, 100 μl of the eluate was seeded in MSMG. In method (B) 100 μl were seeded in TYSCB and 100 μl in MSMG. Both culture media were incubated under capnophilic conditions for 48 hours at 37 °C. Colony forming units (CFU/ml) were counted by calibrated operators (kappa = 0.75). The presence of cariogenic streptococci (CS) (Streptococcus mutans-Streptococcus sobrinus) was determined by qPCR in the samples collected by both methods. The CFU/ml counts in MSMG differed significantly between methods (p = 0.021). In TYSCB, the recovery of CFU/ml was higher in method (A), without significant difference (p = 0.705). The molecular technique detected presence of CS, with no difference between collection methods. Collecting saliva samples by swabbing proved more effective in terms of recovery of microorganisms, and did not affect the detection of presence of CS by molecular techniques.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la eficacia de dos métodos de obtención de muestras salivales, en infantes menores de 2 años para el recuento de estreptococos cariogénicos (EC). Se aplicaron dos métodos de recolección en 11 infantes, el método (A), consistió en la recolección de muestras de saliva con hisopos de algodón estériles, realizando movimientos en ocho sobre la mucosa del carrillo y piso de boca, hasta embeber el hisopo. En el método (B) la recolección de las muestras se realizó por aspiración con jeringa plástica estéril en piso de boca hasta obtener 1 ml, luego de estimulación con guante. Las muestras fueron cultivadas en caldo de Gold modificado (MSMG) y medio de cultivo TYSCB (tripticasa, extracto de levadura, sacarosa, cistina y bacitracina). En (A), el hisopo con la muestra fue descargado in situ en TYSCB y colocado en medio de transporte PBS. 100 μl del eluato se sembró en MSMG. En (B) 100 μl fueron sembrados en TYSCB y 100 μl en MSMG. Ambos medios de cultivo fueron incubados en condiciones de capnofilia por 48 hs. a 37°C. El recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC/ml) se realizó por operadores calibrados (kappa= 0.75). La presencia de EC (Streptococcus mutans - Streptococcus sobrinus) fue determinada por qPCR en las muestras obtenidas por ambos métodos. Los resultados mostraron que los recuentos de UFC/ml en MSMG presentaron diferencias significativas entre ambos métodos (p=0.021) En TYSCB la recuperación de UFC/ml fue mayor en el método (A), sin observarse diferencias significativas (p=0.705). Se detectó la presencia de EC por técnica molecular, sin mostrar diferencias entre los métodos empleados. La recolección de muestra de saliva con hisopo presentó mayor eficacia en términos de recuperación de microorganismos, sin alterar la detección de presencia de EC por técnicas moleculares.

Molecular Detection of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in Dental Plaque Samples in Children Aged Six to Nine Years.

Context Dental caries is a widespread threat, usually in children, although it has been observed at other stages of life. Various pieces of literature have confirmed the prevalence of S treptococcus mutans and S treptococcus sobrinus in the progression of the disease. However, establishing procedures to detect these species remains a challenge, posing a barrier to treatment plans. Aim The aim of this study is to detect the species in dental plaque samples from children aged six to nine years by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and correlate their prevalence in various dentitions. Material and Methods This is an observational analytical cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care dental hospital. After sample isolation, microbiological processing was performed, genomic DNA was isolated, and PCR run was performed using specific primers to detect the species. SPSS for Windows Version 17 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) and Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) were used to perform statistical analysis. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The technique could identify S. Mutans and S. Sobrinus in a short turnaround time. The frequency of S. mutans and S. sobrinus infections was higher in individuals with dental caries. Conclusions Molecular detection via PCR is a reliable, economical, and less time-consuming method for detecting S. mutans and S. sobrinus in dental plaque samples.

Comparative Analysis of Streptococcus Mutans and Streptococcus Sobrinus from Dental Plaque Samples of Nigerian Pre-school Children with and Without Caries.

BACKGROUND: Early childhood caries (ECC), despite being a preventable disease, remains prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. This study compared the occurrence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in dental plaque from caries free and caries active Nigerian preschool children. METHODS: Structured questionnaire were administered to eighty (80) mothers to inquire about the sociodemographic characteristics of their children. Diagnosis of dental caries was made according to the diagnostic criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Supragingival plaque sample collected from caries free children and children with dental caries (cavitated and non-cavitated lesions) using wooden toothpicks were cultured anaerobically. Samples were cultured in anaerobiosis and isolates obtained were identified based on molecular characterization performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS 25.0) was used for analysis. RESULTS: Streptococcus mutans was detected in 26(65.0%) children with early childhood caries, and S. sobrinus in 10(25.0%) children with early childhood caries. The presence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus occurring together was associated with a higher deft score. Occurrence of S. mutans did not show significant difference between children with ECC and caries free children (p=0.099), however, the proportion of children with ECC positive for S. sobrinus was significantly higher than that of caries free children (p= 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: S. mutans and S. sobrinus had a similar frequency of occurrence in children with ECC and caries free children. The occurrence of S. mutans alongside S. sobrinus in ECC is related to its severity.

CONTEXTE: La carie de la petite enfance (CPE), bien qu'étant une maladie évitable, reste prévalente en Afrique sub-saharienne. Cette étude a comparé la présence de Streptococcus mutans et Streptococcus sobrinus dans la plaque dentaire d'enfants nigérians d'âge préscolaire avec et sans caries. MÉTHODES: Des questionnaires structurés ont été administrés à quatrevingts (80) mères pour connaître les caractéristiques sociodémographiques de leurs enfants. Le diagnostic de la carie dentaire a été établi selon les critères de diagnostic de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS). Des échantillons de plaque supragingivale prélevés sur des enfants exempts de caries et des enfants atteints de caries dentaires (lésions cavitaires et non cavitaires) à l'aide de cure-dents en bois ont été mis en culture en anaérobiose. Les échantillons ont été mis en culture en anaérobiose. Les isolats obtenus ont été identifiés sur la base d'une caractérisation moléculaire effectuée par une analyse de réaction en chaîne par polymérase (PCR). Le progiciel statistique pour les sciences sociales (SPSS 25.0) a été utilisé pour l'analyse. RÉSULTATS: Streptococcus mutans a été détecté chez 26(65,0%) enfants atteints de caries de la petite enfance, et S. sobrinus chez 10(25,0%) enfants atteints de caries de la petite enfance. La présence simultanée de S. mutans et de S. sobrinus était associée à un score de déformation plus élevé. La présence de S. mutans n'a pas montré de différence significative entre les enfants atteints de CEC et les enfants indemnes de caries (p=0,099), cependant, la proportion d'enfants atteints de CEC positifs pour S. sobrinus était significativement plus élevée que celle des enfants indemnes de caries (p= 0,003). CONCLUSIONS: S. mutans et S. sobrinus ont une fréquence d'apparition similaire chez les enfants atteints de CEC et les enfants indemnes de caries. La présence de S. mutans et de S. sobrinus dans l'ECC est liée à sa gravité. MOTS CLÉS: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, caries de lapetite enfance, plaque supragingivale.

Pu'er tea rich in strictinin and catechins prevents biofilm formation of two cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus.

Cariogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are main pathogens responsible for human dental caries. Pu'er tea is empirically observed to prevent tooth decay. Besides caffeine and catechins commonly found in oolong tea, strictinin is also found as an abundant phenolic compound in Pu'er tea. Infusion of Pu'er tea as well as single compound, strictinin, caffeine or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was examined for its inhibitory effects on S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Relatively weak inhibition of bacterial growth was observed for these Pu'er tea constituents. However, biofilm formation of S. mutans or S. sobrinus was strongly prevented by the infusion of Pu'er tea as well as by strictinin or EGCG, but not caffeine. Relatively, strictinin showed a higher potency than EGCG to prevent biofilm formation. Anti-caries effect of Pu'er tea seems to be resulted from the prevention of biofilm formation of cariogenic bacteria mainly by strictinin and catechins.

Antibacterial effect of a disinfectant spray for sports mouthguards on Streptococcus sobrinus.

BACKGROUND: Mouthguard (MG) disinfectant sprays are available for maintaining MG hygiene. The effect of these sprays against Streptococcus sobrinus is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of an MG disinfectant spray against S. sobrinus using the modified ISO 22196 standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this in vitro study, we used the following treatment groups for antibacterial testing: MG spray-1 (left in spray for 30 s), MG spray-2 (60 s), and control (n = 4). All analyses were performed at a statistically significant level (P = 0.05) using JMP® 14. RESULTS: The log colony-forming units of the MG spray-2 group were significantly lower than those of the other groups. The antibacterial activity of MG spray-2 against S. sobrinus was >2.1. CONCLUSION: We confirmed the antibacterial effect of the MG spray against S. sobrinus, and it was influenced by the treatment duration, with the optimum effect at a longer duration.

The antibacterial effects of vitamin D3 against mutans streptococci: an in vitro study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of the cholecalciferol vitamin D3 against Streptococcus sobrinus (Strep. sobrinus) and Streptococcus mutans (Strep. mutans) bacteria in vitro that is considered the main causative bacteria in dental caries development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antimicrobial effects of vitamin D3 were evaluated against Strep. sobrinus and Strep mutans using the agar disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of vitamin D3 were determined using a microdilution method following the guidelines by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the morphological changes of bacterial cells following exposure to vitamin D3. RESULTS: Strep. sobrinus was more sensitive to vitamin D3 compared to Strep. mutans bacteria. The MIC values of vitamin D3 against Strep. sobrinus and Strep. mutans were 60 µg/ mL and 250 µg/mL respectively whereas the MBC values were 120 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, significant changes in the bacterial morphology were observed in treated bacterial cells with vitamin D3 as compared to the untreated control bacteria using SEM. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that vitamin D3 has excellent antimicrobial effects against Strep. sobrinus and Strep. mutans and may be considered as a promising compound in the prevention of dental caries in the future. Further research is recommended to elucidate the mechanism of vitamin D3 on these bacteria.

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Treatment with Mother Juices and Their Single Compounds as Photosensitizers.

The potent antimicrobial effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with visible light plus water-filtered infrared-A irradiation and natural compounds as photosensitizers (PSs) have recently been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the antimicrobial effects of aPDT with mother juices against typical cariogenic oral Streptococcus pathogens in their planktonic form and determine its eradication potential on total human salivary bacteria from volunteers. Mother juices of pomegranate, bilberry, and chokeberry at different concentrations were used as PSs. The unweighted (absolute) irradiance was 200 mW cm-2, applied five minutes. Planktonic cultures of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and total mixed bacteria from pooled saliva of volunteers were treated with aPDT. Up to more than 5 log10 of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were killed by aPDT with 0.4% and 0.8% pomegranate juice, 3% and 50% chokeberry juice, and 12.5% bilberry juice (both strains). Concentrations of at least 25% (pomegranate) and >50% (chokeberry and bilberry) eradicated the mixed bacteria in saliva samples. This pilot study has shown that pomegranate mother juice is superior to the berry juices as a multicomponent PS for killing pathogenic oral bacteria with aPDT.

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effect of Hydrogel with Origanum vulgare on Culture of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus

ABSTRACT: The oral cavity is an ecosystem that provides ideal conditions for the growth of bacteria, the Streptococcus genus is important for the formation of biofilms that lead to the development of dental caries, which affects the population worldwide. The world health organization encourages the use of plants thanks to its various therapeutic actions. Origanum vulgare L. (oregano), is an aromatic plant with medicinal and culinary properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the ethanolic extract of oregano, against the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC. Leaves of the plant were obtained and the ethanolic extract was made by maceration. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer method and compared with 2% chlorhexidine, subsequently the extract was incorporated into a hydrogel and its effect on biofilm formation was assessed by fluorescence microscopy and the main compounds were identified. present in the extratco. The study revealed that the extract presented antimicrobial effect against both strains and at 2% it showed high antimicrobial action compared to chlorhexidine at the same concentration, with average inhibition halos of 26.3 mm and 19 mm for each microorganism analyzed, (p < 0.05). Likewise, the hydrogel prepared with 2% extract significantly eliminated the preformed Streptococcus biofilm, at 24 hours of exposure, due to the presence of a variety of chemical groups, such as sterols, triterpenes, flavonoids, flavanones, flavanonol s, lactones. sesquiterpenic, tannins and coumarins. The oregano extract presented high antimicrobial action for both species, with a greater effect towards Streptococcus mutans and an interesting antibiofilm action; These results show the importance of exploring treatment alternatives of plant origin, to be considered as interesting complementary aids in dental therapy.

RESUMEN: La cavidad oral es un ecosistema que proporciona condiciones ideales para el crecimiento de bacterias, el género Streptococcus es importante para la formación de biopelículas que conducen al desarrollo de caries dental, que afecta a la población a nivel mundial. La organización mundial de la salud, fomenta el uso de plantas gracias a sus diversas acciones terapéuticas. Origanum vulgare L. (orégano), es una planta aromática con propiedades medicinales y culinarias. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la actividad antimicrobiana y antibiofilm in vitro del extracto etanólico de oregano, contra el crecimiento de Streptococcus mutans y Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC. Se obtuvierón hojas de la planta y se realizó el extracto etanólico mediante maceración. La actividad antimicrobiana se evaluó mediante el método de Kirby-Bauer y se comparó con la clorhexidina al 2 %, posteriormente se incorporó el extracto en un hydrogel y se valoró su efecto sobre la formación del biofilm mediante microscopía de fluorescencia y se identificó los principales compuestos presentes en el extratco. El estudio reveló que el extracto presentó efecto antimicrobiano contra ambas cepas y al 2 % mostró alta acción antimicrobiana en comparación con la clorhexidina a la misma concentración, con halos de inhibición promedio de 26.3 mm y de 19 mm para cada microorganismo analizado, (p < 0.05). Así mismo, el hidrogel preparado con extracto al 2 %, eliminó significativamente la biopelícula preformada de Streptococcus, a las 24 horas de exposición, debido a la presencia de una variedad de grupos químicos, como esteroles, triterpenos, flavonoides, flavanonas, flavanonoles, lactonas sesquiterpénicas, taninos y cumarinas. El extracto de orégano presentó alta acción antimicrobiana para ambas especies, con mayor efecto hacia el Streptococcus mutans y una acción antibiofilm interesante; estos resultados muestran la importancia de explorar en alternativas de tratamiento de origen vegetal, para considerarse como auxiliares complementarios interesantes en la terapia dental.

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus distribution in the saliva and plaque of Iranian population: Higher prevalence of S. mutans serotypes f and k.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to find the relation of the MS co-existence with the decayed, missing (Extracted) and filled teeth (DMFT) score and the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans serotypes in the Iranian population. METHODS: In this cross-sectional research conducted in 2018, volunteers aged 10-60< years were measured by population selection criteria. PCR technique was used to screen MS serotypes in the homogenized saliva and plaque samples. RESULTS: 499 subjects met the selection criteria of the study population. Out of 499 samples, 448 samples were finalized for serotype determination and DMFT relation evaluation. From 448, 348 (77.6%) samples harboured only S. mutans, 44 (9.8%) had both S. mutans and S. sobrinus, 6 (1.3%) were positive for S. sobrinus alone, and 94 (20.9%) were free of both specious. The mean DMFT score in people with S. mutans (6.7) was higher than S. mutans negative (4.6) participants (p < 0.05). In people with both S. mutans and S. sobrinus, the mean DMFT did not change significantly. The frequency of c, e, f and k serotypes was 47.7, 22.7, 27.5 and 22.1%, respectively. The mean DMFT score in participants with serotype e was significantly higher than others (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: People can acquire different S. mutans serotypes over a lifetime. The high prevalence rate of serotype k, a systemic S. mutans serotype, calls worldwide studies on the prevalence of serotype k strains.

In vitro activities of Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile bark fractions against Oral Bacteria, Glucosyltransferase and as antioxidant.

BACKGROUND: Dental caries and periodontal disease are the most common chronic infectious oral diseases in the world. Acacia nilotica was commonly known in Sudan as Garad or Sunt has a wide range of medicinal uses. In the present study, antibacterial activity of oral bacteria (Streptococcus sobrinus and Porphyromonas gingivalis), inhibitory activity against glucosyltransferase (GTF) enzyme and antioxidant activity were assayed for methanolic crude extract of A. nilotica bark and its fractions. METHODS: Methanoilc crude extract of A. nilotica bark was applied to a Sephadex LH-20 column and eluted with methanol, aqueous methanol, and finally aqueous acetone to obtain four fractions (Fr1- Fr4). Furthermore, the crude extract and fractions were subjected to analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The crude extract and its fractions were assayed for antibacterial activity against S. sobrinus and P. gingivalis using a microplate dilution assay method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), as well as GTF inhibition and antioxidant activity using ABTS radical scavenging method. RESULTS: Fractions (Fr1 and Fr2) exhibited MIC values of 0.3 mg/ml against the P. gingivalis. Additionally, Fr2 displayed MBC value of 1 mg/ml against two types of bacteria. Fr4 showed an especially potent GTF inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 3.9 µg/ml. Fr1 displayed the best antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 1.8 µg/ml. The main compound in Fr1 was identified as gallic acid, and Fr2 was mostly a mixture of gallic acid and methyl gallate. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this study provide some scientific rationale and justify the use of this plant for the treatment of dental diseases in traditional medicine. A. nilotica bark, besides their antibacterial potentiality and GTF inhibitory activity, it may be used as adjuvant antioxidants in mouthwashes. Further studies in the future are required to identify the rest of the active compounds.

Silver nanoparticles in orthodontics, a new alternative in bacterial inhibition: in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study is to assess the antiadherent and antibacterial properties of surface-modified different orthodontic brackets with silver nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, using radiomarker. METHODS: In this study evaluated quantitatively the adherence of Streptococci to orthodontic brackets, 300 samples of orthodontic brackets were selected and classified in to 10 groups as follow: GIn (InVu-Roth), GIIn (System-AlexanderLTS), GIIIn (Gemini-Roth), GIVn (NuEdge-Roth), GVn (Radiance plus-Roth), GVI (InVu-Roth), GVII (System-AlexanderLTS), GVIII (Gemini-Roth), GIX (NuEdge-Roth), GX (Radiance plus-Roth). All the samples were sonicated and Streptococci were cultivated by gender. A radioactive marker (3H) was used to codify the bacteria and measure them. After that, the brackets were submerged in a radiolabelled solution, and the radiation was measured. The statistical analysis was calculated with ANOVA test (Sheffè post hoc). RESULTS: The results showed significant differences were found among the groups. GIIIn shown the lowest scores for both bacteria; in contrast, GIX for Streptococcus mutans and GVI for Streptococcus sobrinus were the highest values. CONCLUSIONS: Surface modification of orthodontic brackets with silver nanoparticles can be used to prevent the accumulation of dental plaque and the development of dental caries during orthodontic treatment.

Inhibitory effects of citrus lemon oil and limonene on Streptococcus sobrinus - Induced dental caries in rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine and compare the anti-caries effects of citrus lemon oil (CLO) and limonene in rats. METHODS: The minimal inhibitory concentrations of CLO and limonene were measured using the disk diffusion method. The rats were infected with Streptococcus sobrinus and assigned into four groups: (1) Chlorhexidine, (2) CLO, (3) limonene, and (4) distilled water (H2O). The total cultivable microbiota and Streptococcus sobrinus in the mouth of the rats were counted, and the caries lesions were measured by Keyes' scoring and DIAGNOdent examination. RESULTS: The minimal inhibitory concentrations of CLO and limonene against Streptococcus sobrinus were 4.50 and 21.00 mg/mL, respectively. The chlorhexidine group had the lowest total microbiota counts (p < 0.05), while there were no significant differences among the CLO, limonene and H2O groups (p > 0.05). The proliferation of Streptococcus sobrinus was remarkably inhibited by chlorhexidine, limonene and CLO (p < 0.05). The Keyes' scoring and DIAGNOdent results indicated that the caries lesions were reduced in the CLO and limonene groups compared to that of the vehicle control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between CLO and limonene (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Limonene and CLO have similar anti-caries abilities in a bacteriostatic manner in vivo.